Magnetic Motor Theory

Magnetic Motor Theory

Casey Rodgers

3/29/10

The magnetic motor theory presented utilizes the idea of constant attractive/repulsive effects to create torque in a gear-like fashion which is similar to an AC motor. Energy is conserved by a resonant speed that is conserving momentum and energy by creating motion of the rotor and stators. When the system is not moving the attractive fields hold the rotor in place. When the rotor is given an initial speed, the kinetic energy plus the magnetic field energy is creating a resonant velocity. Thus the movement of the particles associated with the fields of the magnets, are conserving the constant kinetic and magnetic energies because they become part of the magnetic fields linking up from rotor to stator. This means that the coefficient of performance is very high.

figure 1

The schematic of the motor is seen in figure 1 and shows that if rotor turns, the stators will turn. Also if the Rotor turns 1/8 of a cycle, then the stators will have 1 full cycle. Notice that the stators will have an overall attractive force but if the key stator is spun in the same direction there will be an overall repulsive force which will allow a relatively smooth torque. At a physics forum (www.advancedphysics.org/forum) a subscriber named the_blob_inc, put the situation very simply, “my best guess is that once the magnets on the outside reach the right rotational harmonic resonance, they allow for friction within the central disk to be converted into a forward biased force as compared to drag.

as the outside magnets will have the tendency to try and line up rotational harmonics, this will in turn cause any slowing down motion of the central disk (due to friction) to try and balance out with the exterior acting force of the already synced up magnets.

it's more or less a “self priming, magneto-mechanical transducer”

whereby it converts rotational mechanical energy into a rotating magnetic field, it's still a degenerative system, but in this case some of the frictional forces are converted to the exterior acting field which then pushes back in an attempt to compensate for being out of sync of the central disk.”

In my theory I will show that the ratio of magnetic force energy to the momentum is the speed of light, which is why there might be a forward biased force as compared to drag as he put it.

To understand how this is possible let us first look at the DNA - like structure of the magnetic field which is a new theory discussed by Frederick Tombe. Tombe says that the vector A which is called the magnetic vector potential should be thought of as the momentum per unit volume. He also says to think of A as representing both electric and gravitational current

F = ∂A/∂t − v×B + grad(A.v) eq[1]

Where Curl A = B, v= velocity, F=force on the particle and B= magnetic field. The first term on the right side of equation 1 represents the imparted acceleration from the magnetic pressure. The second term represents the gyroscopic and Coriolis force. The third term represents a radial pressure associated with centrifugal force which in Tombes theory is the basis of light.

When the force is curled we see that there is an induction like magnetic term which is the created magnetic field of the spinning dipoles.

curl F = ∂B/∂t + (v. grad)B = dB/dt

The theory works by describing the simple harmonic motion around an axis of electrons and positrons. This creates a magnetic field whose lines of flux are the axis of rotation for the particles. The elasticity of the dipole will be described as Hooke’s law,

R = − 4πK²h eq[2]

Where R=electromotive force, K=the dielectric constant, and h= the displacement. The transverse kinetic energy of the particles will equal the maximum simple harmonic linear kinetic energy as resolved along the diameter. This is then the maximum potential energy obtained from Hooke’s law.

mv² = 2πK²h² eq[3]

and hence,

v² = 2K²/μ eq[4]

Where m=mass, v=velocity, and μ= magnetic permeability. From “escape velocity” theory we see that amount of energy required to undo this rotation is 1.02 MeV coming from gamma rays which is equal to 2mc². Thus,

v² = 2c² eq[5]

The reason for this analysis of the electron –positron spin is because a very important experiment to this theory which is summed up in the abstract of the article:

“In 1856, Weber and Kohlrausch performed an experiment with a Leyden jar which showed that the ratio of the quantity of electricity when measured statically, to the same quantity of electricity when measured electrodynamically, is numerically equal to the directly measured speed of light. In 1861, in his paper entitled ‘On Physical Lines of Force’, James Clerk-Maxwell equated the above ratio with the ratio of the dielectric constant to the magnetic permeability. In the same paper, Maxwell modelled Faraday’s magnetic lines of force using a sea of molecular vortices that were composed partly of aether and partly of ordinary matter. He linked the dielectric constant to the transverse elasticity of this vortex sea, and he linked the magnetic permeability to the density. Since Newton’s equation for the speed of sound involves the ratio of the transverse elasticity to the density, Maxwell was able to insert the 1856 Weber/Kohlrausch ratio into this equation and show that light is a wave in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena. It will now be suggested that Maxwell’s molecular vortices are more accurately represented by rotating electron-positron dipoles that are aligned in a double helix fashion with their mutual rotation axes tracing out the magnetic lines of force.”

In Tombe’s paper he shows how the velocity of these particles can be described via Maxwell, as the equivalent to Newton’s equation for the speed of sound. This means that the velocity of light is the circumferential speed of the rotating electron-positron dipoles. The frequency of gamma radiation indicates that the radius of the dipoles is around a thousandth of an inch. This makes sense in that if the electrons and positrons are spinning so fast it takes a lot of energy to break electric bonds and the diameter being so small it can interact with the spin of the mass. The radiation of this kind then has to do with the spin of the particles via Keplers areal law of motion which Tombe show relates to the magnetic field as well.

We won’t bother ourselves with the idea of aether because we are dealing with magnetic fields, so we can determine A and B without it. The magnetic pressure relates to the energy density the field contains. The magnetic field can produce a pressure which is related to force by the area. Thus the equation becomes,

Where S= area, F_B= force of magnetic pressure, P_B= magnetic pressure. This represents the interactions of the magnets in terms of force. When integrated we get:

eq[6]

Light is felt as a force by objects and Maxwell calculated the force associated with radiation pressure to be,

F = dp/dt = (1/c)dE/dt eq[7]

This is the equation that describes the Weber-Kohlrausch experiment. I’m going to show that this equation described the motors force of momentum (left side of equation) is equal to the force of the magnetic pressure energy (the right side). I will examine the momentum in terms of tangential velocity so (p=mv) and the angular velocity (p=omega*tau). Also tau= radius cross force, where tau = torque. Now taking the energy associated with a kinetic energy and solving for the momentum due to the magnetic force we have,

and,

Hence,

, or eq[8]

This is what I propose is the resonant tangential-instantaneous velocity that is a result of the magnetic force across the circumference with a mass. The reason why I propose this works is because magnetic forces act. If v and c are switched it shows that the ration of the magnetic energy over the energy of momentum is the speed of light which is experimentally shown by the Weber- Kohlrausch experiment. Thus we see this relation in the motor give by,

Now I will derive the velocity a different way to show how this relates to the motor. Let us describe the situation from the law of conservation of momentum and see what the resonant velocity is. I am assuming the velocity of the stator is 8 times the rotor and that the mass of the rotor is 8 times the stators mass. With this we see that if (8m*v)rotor=(m*8v)stator then,

Vr=(Ms*8Vs)/8Mr eq[9] And by substituting Ms and Vs into equation 8 we obtain,

When integrated reveals,
, or eq[9]

The energy is not perpetual and will slow down when the magnetic field looses energy over time, when the gyroscopic, Coriolis forces, and uneven mass distribution or rotation slowly detract from momentum. This shows that the speed resonant speed is due to the Hooke’s law energy of the magnetic field over the momentum of the stator times the conversion of the frictional force. To relate this to the DNA-like magnetic fields discussed earlier we see that momentum is conserved not only in the mass of the entire motor but the masses linked to the magnetic fields which in a sense use the torsion of the electron-positrons to conserve momentum. The Hooke’s law of the electron-positron dipole then allows us to use some of its 1.02MeV energy potential to create a constant torque using the magnetic fields.

When looking at the YouTube video of the motor we see the rotor reaches a resonant frequency where all stators are spinning. This first resonant frequency then changes to another when the stator magnets are stopped but the key stator still spins. This seems odd but actually has to do with a very interesting effect seen by another magnetic motor with a similar characteristic. This is by K. Pullo who modeled his motor on the computer 2-D finite magnetic program called FEMM. This model clearly shows that if the momentum is high enough the oppositions to movement can be proportionally lowered and the field can actually create a constant torque with the right geometry. This is seen in figure 2, a drawing that he made:

figure 2

This shows that when the magnets are perpendicular and one is moving an impulse of force will be experienced and two oppositions to that force for every cycle past the two motionless stators in figure 1. The left arrows indicate opposition to movement and the right in harmony with the movement. Here is the model he made of a magnet with a specific velocity using FEMM:

figures 3&4

His analysis shows that the magnetic field lines are bent in the process of creating a velocity in this type of setup. This idea is then what steps the motor up to the second resonant velocity which could be calculated when velocity of the stators cease, the magnetic fields change because there is a changing magnetic pressure as the peaks of opposition and attraction seen in figure 2. The real reason the resonant velocity goes up is in equation 10 which shows the momentum of 2 of the stators changes so mass of the stators goes down. This is because now the 2 stators are not moving which means the momentum of 2 stators is no longer true because of the missing velocity.

This type of force is seen in K. Pullo’s model of the torque which is wave-like. Therefore the rotor speeds up because it now is the RMS average of the wave-like magnetic force which also increases the velocity because the stator magnets exhibit the force shown by K. Pullo and the key stator then has to balance this wave which keeps the rotor stable enough for the second frequency.

In conclusion the magnetic motor works because of the idea that there is potential energy stored is the magnetic field which can be described using the energy density equation. This is because of the input energy of heat and current in creating the magnetic field in the first place. This potential energy is dissipated through momentum and so the Maxwell-derived equation 7 is the equation that relates the conservation of momentum to the dissipating energy of the magnets.

Sources:

- The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic field, Frederick Tombe, Feb. 15^th 2006

http://www.wbabin.net/science/tombe.pdf

- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYcjjSfiNNE

- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure

- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_pressure

- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy

- http://mmmgroup.altervista.org/e-magnet.html

- University Physics, 12^th edition, Young et.al. Pearson, 2008

Townsend Browns Battery

Townsend Brown’s Battery Theory

Casey Rodgers

3-26 to 4-7-2010

To create Townsend Brown's Battery a high dielectric was melted with a metal oxide or carbide (he indicated Tungsten Carbide was the best he found). This was exposed to a high voltage during the cooling processes on the battery electrodes. This process seemed to create a constant low voltage that would not cease (~1V). The leads could be put in a small resistance short circuit for weeks without losing its charge. He discovered this while probing igneous rock with a voltmeter and found voltage on some. He would melt copper electrodes to the surface to take the measurements. Peering into the idea more one has to account for displacement current generated by the cell, polarization effects of the vacuum, electron-positron theory, Ahranov-Bohm effect and vector potentials. I’m going to assume that momentum and energy is conserved in the battery, thus I will assume this energy that the battery is using comes from the environmental effects within the capacitor plates and the response to a conductor/load.

Displacement Currents :

The principle behind this amazing idea is that there are two components to the electric power of the battery: the voltage and the amperage. The theory is then that the metallic bonding to the dielectric must somehow create a small amount of voltage and current to maintain the dielectric's electric field resembling a DC rectified pulse train from radiations induced by the load.

The reason behind this assumption lies in the idea that oxides and maybe some carbides act as N-type semiconductors. A rectification type of reaction might occur when the positive polarized dielectric is in contact with this the metal. In an article by Harald Giessen in Science magazine we see that the magnetic field could be detected using an almost-complete ring. When the waves were detected the device created more corona discharge between the rings gap. So by being magnetically aligned in the cooling/HV-DC process, the charges create a constant current that persists. This principle would work like this:

eq.(1)

B=magnetic field, V= voltage j=current density (environmental), Mu_not=permeability of battery, (Eplison_not) permittivity of the battery

In equation 1 on the right is the wave equation of the magnetic vector potential (A) which has both longitudinal and transverse components and on the left has only transverse components. So we see there are multiple forces acting to create a current.

The creation of battery –like current occurs through certain path that the particles take within the material. The result is familiar AC (Hertzian) waves. The current density can be described by the work of Nobel Laureate T.D. Lee, who sees the vacuum as the worst model environment so the charge density and current density vanish. Gauss’s law and Maxwell-Ampere law change to:

eq. (2)

eq, (3)

If we look at the curl of the magnetic field strength it can be shown that the Maxwell-Ampere law changes to:

eq. (4)

j_A - vaccum displacement current, D- electric displacement field, H-magnetic field strength

Where eq. (5), and eq. (6)

This allows us to say the time derivative of the vacuum polarization gives us a current density:

eq. (7)

Vacuum polarization largely involves electrons and positrons which can interact with electromagnetic fields.

In terms of the battery this tells us that the basic idea behind this is that a magnetic ring of polarization will tend to maintain its field by keeping a current rotating which turns out to be through the geometry, a curl of the electric field. This then feeds back in on itself because the curls are aligned in a circle making the shape of a ring. This is seen in equation [8] and figure 1.

eq. 8
figure 1

Magnetic fields from spinning charges:

Returning back to equation 1 it must be said that the fundamental forces behind the Laplace of the magnetic vector potential on the right hand side of the equation is the velocities (or accelerations) of the particles involved. This is made clear by an article sited by E.T. Whittaker. I will show a particular solution to the wave equation which shows that the velocity of the particles involved is everywhere proportional to a 1/r field i.e. gravity. In his explanation:

“The total disturbance at any point, due to this system of waves, is therefore independent of time and everywhere proportional to the gravitational potential due to the particle at the point.”

He describes these as spherical waves that can create electromagnetic waves. This is why my conclusion is that electromagnetic radiation rectified in the battery is its output. Whittaker says: ”Suppose that a particle is emitting spherical waves such that the disturbance a distance r from the origin, at time (t), due to those waves whose wave-length lies between (2 pi/ mu) and (2pi/mu +dmu), is represented by,”

“where (v) is the velocity of the waves. Then after the waves have reached the point r, so that (vt-r) is positive, the total disturbance at the this point (due to the sum of all waves) is,”

eq. (9)

This satisfies condition of the Laplace equation of the magnetic vector potential which can be associated with the particles velocity and the fields that they induce.

Using this example we show that the Laplace of the magnetic vector potential is equal to the electric wave minus the curl of the magnetic field, so we have,
eq. (10)

This shows that the movement of the particles within the material described by the current density. This creates the electric and magnetic field effects. In this case there is an overall B-field and the voltage modulation is changing that to create a constant DC-pulsed output.

In this scenario the particles that make up the current flow are extremely small so as to fit in the spaces of the atom of the rigid crystalline material. This means that the flow of electricity is most likely electrons and positrons at the bonds of the dielectric to the metallic pieces which creates an induction on the plates of the capacitor by involving the electric field. This leads me to conclude that Tombe’s theory about the electron positron pair spinning is the best model of the batteries’ charge movement.

The magnetic material is polarized during the cooling process so that curl H occurs while the electric field is turned on. Then when the electric field is removed the magnetic material reacts to any change in the electric field thus there is a fluctuating DC that occurs within resonance of the load impedance. F. Tombe’s theory about moving charges might be a really good model which is similar to Whittaker’s analysis by involving particles. This occurs by the environmental current effects described by a key equation where the electric displacement theory in Maxwells equations can be expressed in terms of a rotating electron positron pair with energy equaling 1.02 MeV, the energy of a gamma photon. This constant rotation is interacting with the dielectric and permeability of the medium. The rotating particles are suggested to line up sort of like DNA along a magnetic field line so thus the necessary geometry is required for both the magnetic and electric fields to describe the current and velocity of charge. The maximum potential energy of this system is seen in equation 9:

mv² = 2πK²h² eq[11] where h=displacement , K=dielectric constant, and m=mass

To understand this theory Tombe cites an important experiment: “In 1856, Weber and Kohlrausch performed an experiment with a Leyden jar which showed that the ratio of the quantity of electricity when measured statically, to the same quantity of electricity when measured electrodynamically, is numerically equal to the directly measured speed of light.” This means that the momentum of the particle is releasing energy proportional to the speed of light which is the verification of the conservation of momentum and energy.

F = dp/dt = (1/c)dE/dt eq[12] where E= energy, p=momentum, F=force

The input thermal and electrical energy density of the system can be described by the thermal energy density equation for a current (I). The potential can be derived from cells (r_j) and thermal energy divided into increments U_i = i(change in)u. The energy density for each thermal increment is given by equation 10:
eq[13] k=Boltzmann constant, T=Temperature,
The charge density is then found by equation 11:
eq[14]

Potential energy=(V(rj)), Mass of the electron = (m_e)

This analysis could be used to show the charge density of the positrons also. Using this analysis we might show to how much charge and current we can work with when the device cools down. The initial energy density of the electric field and thermal excitation set the conditions up to create a constant current which we saw by analyzing the vector potentials of the electromagnetic energy the battery uses.

Angular Velocity of Vector Potentials and the Continuity Equation:

The vector E can be described by the velocity of a charge in a circle which creates a magnetic field by the equation:

E= v × B eq[15]

Thus by the same relative motion of the particle, the vector H can be described by the velocity of a charge in a circle which creates a magnetic field by this equation:

H= -v × D eq[16]

Equations 10&11 are visually seen by figure 2:
figure 2

So we see that a current with a relative velocity (v) we can exchange energies between the magnetic and electric fields. The figure on the right shows equation 15 (eqatuation 3 also,) and the figure on the left show equation 16 (equation 8) . To show how the Magnetic vector potential plays a role we can refer to the Ahromov-Bohm effect. This can be shown to relate to the magnetic flux (in Webers) by a phase field of the charge to the plank constant (h).

eq[17] l=length, (Phi_m)=magnetic flux, q=charge

This equation shows that the magnetic flux depends on where A is and how strong A is. So by moving a magnetic potential with certain velocity we get the result that the electric field is changed. The sign of the charge is important to note though because the angle of the path of the charge will be different.

The velocity in equations 15&16 are describing a helical path that follows the B field in a circle creating the current and voltage. If we look at equation 15 in terms of the magnetic vector potential we see that it is essentially an angular force. This is because of equation 17 which will show where by the phase relationship the particle will go.

Equation 18 is derived from eq. 16. From this we must see how equations 5&6 which describe polarization relate to the conditions of the electric and magnetic fields. Equation 18 depends on equation 19 and the electric field:
eq. (18)

where B=curl A eq. (19)

This shows that the mutual speed of the particles in the material can create a magnetic field strength represented by the left hand side of the equation. Look at the difference between equation 6 and equation 18. We see that the magnetic field strength in this situation will be a fluctuation of the polarization factor M. Thus we have a situation where the polarization factors M and P_A are fluctuating with the current of the charge. This idea then leads to the conclusion that when a load is attached to the battery the charge continuity equation returns for a dissipative load. This is seen by equation 20.
or eq. (20)

The initial input energy is heat and charging the electrodes of the battery. Dielectrics when in a liquefied state have loose ions. These ions then have a chance to loosely bond to the carbon or oxygen of the metal. The electric and magnetic polarizations want to keep their maximum potential. This idea is demonstrated by a capacitor who is charged tends to keep its charge and a magnetic field which collapses creates a circular potential across an electromagnet otherwise known as the Lorrentz force. This is because the current in the conductor and the electric field is in the same direction.

Conclusion:

The spiral DNA-like structure along the magnetic field lines of charges is wound in a circle therefore the charges are always conserved and only the electromagnetic radiation radiated from the displacement current induces current in the load. This is because the electrodes start with an initial electric polarization state and fluctuate that potential with the electromagnetic radiation of the load and its impendence response to the environment through the battery.

The indication that there is only a certain amount of power (especially voltage) available in the battery suggests that the resonant pulse train can only provide a certain amount of broad-band frequency energy due to the limited number of resonantly induced charges during the input energy stage. This means that the overall forces that are keeping the electric energy density in place is the momentum of the spinning charges p=mv. This leads us to believe equation 16 which was derived by Maxwell, but we could not measure this because of its uncertainty. The certainty lies in the electromagnetic equations that sustain the forces. But this shows us clearly that the force of the energy radiating at speed slower than the speed of light is the force of the particles momentum. The energy in this case is the electromagnetic interactions of the magnetic and electric fields which are induced by the loads impedance.

Another way to look at the energy is by the energy densities of the fields associated with battery. By light of the equation 16 it would make sense to describe the momentum related to the energy density by saying the energy density of a fluctuating polarization is always equal to the energy density of the other fluctuating polarization:
eq. (21)

My conclusion is that the battery was most likely built and tested as Mr. Brown has said because other experiments that have brought all these equations to light have shown what the forces are behind polarized particles.

Sources:

- “Glimpsing the Weak Magnetic Field of Light”, Harald Giessen and Ralf Vogelesang, Science, vol326 Oct. 23 2009

- E.T. Whittaker, On the Partial Diffrential Equations of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 57, 1903, p. 333-355

- M. Walters et al, “Introducing the Practice of Asymmetrical Regauging to Increase the Coefficient of Performance of Electromechanical Systems,” N.C. A & T State University.

- T. D. Lee, Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory. New York: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1981.

- The Scalar Superpotential Theory , Author unknown

- Townsend Brown's "Battery" patent proposal

- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide

- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field

- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_current

- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_equation

- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RadioWaves.jpg

- http://www.wbabin.net/science/tombe.pdf

- US6465965,L. Nelson, Method and System for Energy Conversion using a Screened-Free-Electron Source

Electrostatic Motor

Electrostatic motor

Casey Rodgers

March 20, 2010

While looking through an old magazine on energy I wrote in my notes about a little corner in the last few pages of the magazine which was simply:

“A 300 foot antenna is ~2000V DC of electrostatic field of the earth at this height. This is switched across split field plates which alternately attract and repel an electrets disk causing it to spin.”

At first this wasn’t obvious how the disk could create torque if the electret was a uniform electric field. Now I see that the solution is to divide the disk in half with opposite polarizations so now the device looks something like this:

The generation of a resonant angular velocity involves using the existing electric field of the electret to counter-balance the electric field of the antennae relative to ground. I n other-words there is a capacitance in the aerial and a rotor force involved. By using a slip ring to create an AC then there will be a classic attract-repel rotor action. This works in powering a limited range of load depending on the strength of electric field of the electret. The first equation describes how the electric field (E) is related to the B-field in this case with a spinning rotor with velocity (v).

E= v × B [eq.1]

Force of Elecret = Force of magnetic pressure (displacement current force)

qE=(B^2)/(mu-not)*(area) [eq.2] q-charge (mu_not)-Permeability of free space

If this device (which by the above formula would be self regulating) load was built to take a mechanical load then a magnetic generator like the “phi” generator would be perfect for the job. This would then be excess AC energy that could be utilized within a certain range of load impedance.

An Electromagnetic Generator System

An Electromagnetic Generator System

Casey Rodgers

2/27/2010 - 3/1/10

The system presented relates to a motor-generator (like the Alexander patent US3913004 [4]) and a high voltage and light weight generator which powers the later. To really explain how this system can work is by showing how the vector potentials are relating in a non-symmetrical gauge of the Lorentz condition [1]. The explanation I will show is less complex and involves showing that by using a high voltage input in the motor windings, the high voltage output of the electric generator can provide the correct energy for the motor to run itself.

The schematic that I have come up with for the power generating system is based on Harold Aspdens lecture in Berlin (figure 2) [3]:

“I want you to imagine that you have discovered an electrical capacitor that you can charge with energy and which, on discharge, gives you double that amount of energy as output. It is as if you can perform magic, though you are merely dreaming.

How would you turn this into a practical device? The problem you face is that the capacitance is quite small. Let me tell you how I would do it.

I would connect two identical capacitors through an inductive circuit to form a resonant system and let the energy oscillate between the two capacitors, as one discharges whilst the other charges. I would draw power off, as, for example, by incorporating an electrical load denoted R in the Fig. 1:

Fig.1

Now, the chances are, that if I built such a device it would not work because of that low capacitance property and the energy loss owing to the resistance of the inductive circuit. So, exercising my ingenuity, I would connect a high d.c. voltage V to the capacitors (see Fig. 2), knowing that this additional source could not deliver energy continuously, once I had switched the device on. The reason is that d.c. does not flow through capacitors.

fig.2

For a high enough d.c. voltage this would, as I can verify by basic electrical theory, have the quite remarkable effect of making the energy oscillations escalate in strength sufficiently to overcome the resistance loss problem. I would then surely have a working 'free energy' device.

If I did not use that high voltage d.c. polarizing source then there is still the possibility that I could get a self-sustaining oscillation and draw as output a small amount of 'free energy', but only if I made sure that the inductors were quite large and wound from thick gauge wire so as to have a very low resistance.”

The idea is to provide a high voltage to an AC oscillating system to keep the voltage potential constant and maintain the same power of the AC (figure 3). The high voltage DC in this case in a unipolar sparking mechanism identified with magnetic spark gap. The capacitors connected to the motor will have slip rings to control the commutation to the motor (not drawn in figure 3). Thus the energy forms a loop from electrical (coil 1) to mechanical and back again. The whole time this is happening the field energy from the radiated AC wave energy is being transformed into electrical energy (in coil 2) for a load.

fig. 3

This works when velocity in eq.1 creates enough electrical energy off of the momentum (p=mv). This starts by showing that Ampere’s law [eq.3] and Faraday’s law [eq.2] can be simplified as [2]:

E=vXB eq.1

(Faraday’s law with middle term- potential vortex) eq.2
(Ampere’s law with middle term- eddy current vortex) eq.3

The motor-generator is two coils which provide torque to a permanent magnet rotor. The basic assumption that I make is that the power from the electric generator is equal to the power of the first (input) coil of the motor-generator [eq.4]. The power of the second (output) coil is roughly equal to power input (induction) and the movement of the B-field from the permanent magnet in the rotor [eq.5]. From this equation we see that the movement of the magnet in the presence of the conductors creates extra voltage thus increasing the power. The power of the mechanical rotor is less than the input power but when the resonance between voltage and speed are met the mechanical power is equal to the power of the first coil [eq.6]. The power for the load is then limited to the amount of inducted power from the permanent magnet or how much power the electric generator can create before the system loses its speed which is equal to the Power available as stated in equation above.

(Power input to first coil.) [eq.4]
(Power output to second coil) [eq.5](Mechanical power- Torque and angular velocity) [eq.6]

Where

Now we must examine how torque is being created by an electromagnetic force interaction from coil 1 to the permanent magnet. This torque is described as the cross-product of the length of rotor and the tangential force. The torque is also related to the angular momentum [eq.7]. This force is shown to be an electric and magnetic force but we see that since force is mass time acceleration, the acceleration creates an electromagnetic wave which relates to induction and an extra change in flux in the induction of voltage to the second coil by the Poynting theorem but more generally described in this paper by Induction.

(Torque and angular momentum) [eq.7]

(Force) [eq.8]

By having less current flow in the first coil of the motor-generator there is less power loss. If the motor efficiency is high enough then there will be enough mechanical energy for the high voltage generator. What we find is that the energy output is greater than the mechanical energy which is equal to the input energy.

The drawing (figure 1) of the vectors when the input coil starts at center shows how the electromagnetic force between the coils and the permanent magnet creates electrical power and mechanical power. This happens by the electromagnetic wave which creates a torque and

an induction on the second coil.

Figure 1

The idea behind engineering this is to make an estimation of the amount of energy consumed by coil 1 versus the amount of energy created by the electric generator. We can make an estimation of this by looking at the amount of energy stored in the capacitors of the electric generator vs. the capacitors of the motor-generator circuit. Thus to make the resonance of the system efficient one could assume like Tesla that the following equation is going to be the best: [LC]1=[LC]2. So by assuring that the energy storage potential of all the LC oscillations are the same the efficiency is maximized in the system and the resistance losses can be low.

List of terms:

Conductivity σ

Magnetic field B

Magnetic field strength H

Velocity v

Angular velocity (omega)

Angular momentum L

Momentum P

Electric field strength E

Current (i)

Voltage (V)

Charge q

Magnetic flux (Phi_m)

Time t

Inductance (mutual) L

Permeability (mu_not)

Permittivity (epsilon_not)

Electromotive Force (volts) (xi) (the E looking thing in equation 5)

Bibliography:

[1] - M. Walters et al, “Intorducing the Practice of Asymmetrical Regauging to Increase the Coefficient of Performance of Electromechanical Systems,” N.C. A & T State University.

[2] - Konstantin Meyl, Scalar Waves­, 2003

[3] - http://www.energyscience.org.uk/le/Le27/Berlin.htm Page 1 of 11

LECTURE NO. 27, OUR FUTURE ENERGY SOURCE - THE VACUUM!

Copyright, Harold Aspden, 2002

HAROLD ASPDEN

LECTURE FOR BERLIN MEETING

June

[4]- US3913004, Alexander, 2002